Includes bibliographical references and index.

Front Cover
Handbook of Environmental Engineering Assessment: Strategy, Planning, and Management
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Chapter One: Environmental Assessment in Engineering and Planning
1.1. What Is Environmental Assessment?
1.2. Engineering and Planning Issues
1.3. Why Environmental Assessment Is Needed
1.4. Who Prepares Environmental Assessment and Planning Documents?
1.5. Integrating Art, Science, Strategy, and Management Issues
1.6. Discussion and Study Questions
Chapter Two: Environmental Laws and Regulations
2.1. Rationale for Environmental Legislation and Regulations
2.2. Shortcomings of Environmental Legislation and Regulations
2.3. Legislative Data Systems
2.4. Overview of Federal Environmental Legislation
National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 4341 et seq.)
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Title I: Air Pollution Prevention and Control
Title II: Emission Standards for Moving Sources
Title III: General Provisions
Title IV: Acid Deposition Control
Title V: Permits
Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone Protection
Title VII: Enforcement
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (33 U.S.C. 1401 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Coastal Zone Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1451 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationships
Accomplishments and Impacts
Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300f et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Noise Control Act (42 U.S.C. 4901 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 136 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (42 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (42 U.S.C. 11001 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 13101 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
National Historic Preservation Act (16 U.S.C. 470-470t)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 1271 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531-1542)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
Enforcement Responsibilities; Federal-State Relationship
Accomplishments and Impacts
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (16 U.S.C. 661 et seq.)
Basic Objective
Key Provisions
2.5. Trends in Environmental Legislation and Regulations
New Legislation
Balancing Federal and Nonfederal Roles
Balancing Economic and Environmental Costs
2.6. Discussion and Study Questions
Chapter Three: National Environmental Policy Act
3.1. Elements of NEPA
Title I
Section101
Section102
Section103
Title II
3.2. Judicial Review
3.3. Effects of NEPA
3.4. Implementation of NEPA
3.5. Council on Environmental Quality
3.6. Executive Orders and Agency Response
Agency Responses
3.7. State Environmental Policy Acts
3.8. NEPA and Agency Planning
The Planning Process
Relationship Between NEPA and Planning
Types of Plans
Timing of NEPA Review
Plan First, NEPA Review Second
Pros
Cons
NEPA Review First, Plan Second
Pros
Cons
Plan Developed Through a NEPA Review
Pros
Cons
Conclusion
3.9. Discussion and Study Questions
Chapter Four: Environmental Documents and CEQ Regulations
4.1. Function and Purpose of the NEPA Assessment Process
4.2. NEPA Regulations
4.3. Environmental Documents
Environmental Assessment (EA)
Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)
Notice of Intent (NOI)
Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS)
Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS)
Record of Decision (ROD)
4.4. Application of Environmental Documentation Process
4.5. EIS Format and Content
Cover Sheet
Summary
Table of Contents
Purpose and Need
Alternatives Including the Proposed Action
Affected Environment
Environmental Consequences
List of Preparers
Index
Appendices
4.6. Preparing and Processing the EA or EIS
Environmental Assessment
Finding of No Significant Impact
Scoping Process
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Final Environmental Impact Statement
Supplemental Reviews
4.7. Timing of Agency Action
4.8. Tiering
4.9. Mitigation
4.10. General Considerations in EIS Preparation
4.11. Case Studies
Case Study 1: Scope Creep
Case Study 2: Defining the No-Action Alternative
Case Study 3: Emergency Actions
4.12. Discussion and Study Questions
Chapter Five: Elements of Environmental Assessment and Planning
5.1. Agency Activities
5.2. Environmental Attributes
Air
Water
Land
Ecology
Sound
Human Aspects
Economics
Resources
5.3. Determining Environmental Impact
With and Without the Project
Identifying Impacts
Baseline Characteristics
Conditions Prior to the Activity
Geographic Characteristics
Temporal Characteristics
Role of the Attributes
Measurement of Impact
Quantitative Measurements
Qualitative Measurements
Comparison Among Attributes
Aggregation
Secondary Impacts
Cumulative Impacts
5.4. Reporting Findings
5.5. Using Information Technology to Aid in the NEPA Process
Access to Laws, Regulations, and Guidance Documents
Access to Data
Access to Models
Online Libraries and Electronic Journals
5.6. Discussion and Study Questions
Chapter Six: Environmental Assessment Methodologies
6.1. Choosing a Methodology
Application
Alternatives
Public Involvement
Resources
Time
Familiarity
Issue Significance
Controversy
Administrative Constraints
6.2. Categorizing Methodologies
Ad Hoc
Overlays
Checklists
Matrices
Networks
Combination, Computer Aided
6.3. Review Criteria
Impact Identification
Impact Measurement
Impact Interpretation
Impact Communication
Resource Requirements
Reliability
Flexibility
Cumulative Impact Analysis
6.4. Methodology Descriptions
6.5. Methodology Review
Interim Report: Social, Economic, and Environmental Factors in Highway Decision Making (Adkins Chec
Environmental Evaluation System for Water Resources Planning (Dee et al., 1972; Checklist)
Planning Methodology for Water Quality Management: Environmental System (Dee et al., 1973; Checklist
Optimum Pathway Matrix Analysis Approach to the Environmental Decision-Making Process: Test Case: Re
Environmental Impact Assessment Study for Army Military Programs (Jain et al., 1973) and Computer-Ai
Handbook for Environmental Impact Analysis (Jain et al., 1974; Matrix)
Evaluation of Environmental Impact Through a Computer Modeling Process, Environmental Impact Analysi
A Procedure for Evaluating Environmental Impact (Leopold et al., 1971; Matrix)
Transportation and Environment: Synthesis for Action: Impact of National Environmental Policy Act of
A Comprehensive Highway Route-Selection Method, and Design with Nature (McHarg, 1968, 1969; Overlay)
A Methodology for Evaluating Manufacturing Environmental Impact Statements for Delaware's Coastal Zo
Environmental Resources Management (Central New York Regional Planning and Development Board, 1972;
Quantifying the Environmental Impact of Transportation Systems (W. L. Smith, n.d.; Checklist)
A Framework for Identification and Control of Resource Degradation and Conflict in the Multiple Use
Environmental Impact Assessment: A Procedure (Stover, 1972; Checklist)
Guidelines for Implementing Principles and Standards for Multiobjective Planning of Water Resources
Matrix Analysis of Alternatives for Water Resource Development (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1972;
A Manual for Conducting Environmental Impact Studies (Walton Checklist)
Environmental Guidelines (Western Systems, 1971; Ad Hoc)
6.6. Future Directions
6.7. Discussion and Study Questions
Chapter Seven: Generalized Approach for Environmental Assessment
7.1. Agency Activities
Case Study
7.2. Environmental Attributes
Description
Procedure for Using the Attribute Descriptor Package
7.3. Institutional Constraints
7.4. Environmental Setting
7.5. System
7.6. Output
7.7. Rationale for a Computer-Based System
Geographic Information Systems as a Tool for Environmental Assessment
7.8. Discussion and Study Questions
Chapter Eight: Procedure for Reviewing Environmental Impact Statements
8.1. Types of EIS Review
Internal Review
Interagency Review
EPA Review
Public Review
Review for Decision Making
8.2. General Considerations in EIS Review
Administrative Compliance Review
General Document Review
Technical Review
8.3. EIS Review Procedures
8.4. Approaches to Systematic EIS Review
Independent Analysis
Predetermined Evaluation Criteria
Project Screening Questions
Response-Rating Criteria
Project Screening Criteria
Review Criteria
Ad Hoc Review
8.5. Review Comments
8.6. Summary
8.7. Discussion and Study Questions
Chapter Nine: International Perspectives on Environmental Assessment, Engineering, and Planning
9.1. International Implications of NEPA
9.2. Future NEPA Trends
9.3. Environmental Impact Assessment in Other Countries
9.4. EIA in Selected Countries
9.5. Limitations to EIA Effectiveness in Developing Countries
9.6. EIA in Asia and the Pacific
9.7. EIA in Latin America
9.8. EIA in Canada
9.9. EIA in Europe
9.10. EIA in India
9.11. International Aid Organizations
9.12. Discussion and Study Questions
Chapter Ten: Economic and Social Impact Analysis
10.1. Socioeconomic Assessment within NEPA
10.2. Economic Impact Analysis
10.3. Economic Models
Input-Output Model
Economic Base Models
Dynamic Community Effects
10.4. Future Direction for Economic Impact Analysis
10.5. Social Impact Assessment
10.6. Social Impact Analysis Methods
Trend Analysis
Content Analysis
Case Study
Delphi
Participant Observation
Similarity
Dynamic Simulation
Inference from Theory
Surveys
Scenarios
10.7. Assembling the Socioeconomic Impact Assessment
Time Dimension
Characterization of Labor Force and Estimation of ``Movers´´
Identify Labor Force Requirements
Determine Labor Force Availability
Estimate ``Mover´´ Labor Force Requirements
Define the Composition and Requirements of the Workforce
Estimation of Indirect Workforce
Estimation of Revenues and Expenditures
10.8. Problem Areas
Time Phasing of Effects
Selection of the Economic Region
Employment and Unemployment
10.9. Environmental Justice
What Is Environmental Justice?
How Are Environmental Justice Issues Determined?
What Is an Affected Population?
What Is a Disproportionate Effect?
Public Involvement
Other Requirements of Environmental Justice
Summary of CEQ Guidance
Scoping
Establishing the Affected Environment
Environmental Assessment
Analysis
Mitigation
10.10. Conclusions
10.11. Discussion and Study Questions
Chapter Eleven: Public Participation
11.1. Beginnings
11.2. Early American Experiences in Public Participation
11.3. Alternative Terminology
11.4. Public Involvement Requirements within NEPA
11.5. What Is the Public?
11.6. What Is Participation?
11.7. Contemporary Experience in Public Participation
Examples of Participation
Informing the Public
11.8. Getting Input from the Public
11.9. Commenting on the Draft EIS-A Special Case of Public Participation
11.10. Case Studies
Example 1: EPA and the Corps of Engineers Propose to Redefine Navigable Waters
Example 2: Public Response to the Biological Defense Research Program EIS
11.11. Application of Public Input
11.12. Participation in Developing Regulations
11.13. An Effective Public Participation Program
11.14. Benefits of an Effective Public Participation Program
11.15. Response to Public Participation Format Variations
11.16. Public Participation and the Digital Revolution
11.17. Internet Capability to Support Public Participation
11.18. Discussion and Study Questions
Chapter Twelve: Energy and Environmental Implications
12.1. Energy as a Resource
12.2. Fuel Alternatives and Development of Supplies-Environmental Considerations
12.3. Energy Costs of Pollution Control
12.4. Energy Aspects of Recycling Materials
Recycling of Specific Materials
Glass
Tires and Rubber Products
Paper
Metals
Steel
Aluminum
Copper
Plastics
Oil Wastes
General Solid Waste
12.5. Discussion and Study Questions
Chapter Thirteen: Contemporary Issues in Environmental Assessment
13.1. Climate Change
Scientific Agreement
Uncertainties
Effects of Climate Change
Prevention Strategies
Earth Summit
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
CFCs and the Montreal Protocol
Carbon Dioxide
Technological Developments
Carbon Sequestration
Separation and Capture of CO2
Ocean Sequestration
Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems (Soils and Vegetation)
Sequestration of CO2 in Geological Formations
Advanced Biological Processes for Sequestration
Advanced Chemical Approaches to Sequestration
The Policy Dilemma: Acting Now or Later
Delaying Action
Acting in the Present
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Adaptation Strategies
Administrative Approaches to Regulation of GHGs
Environmental Assessment Implications
13.2. Acid Rain
What Causes Acid Rain?
Uncertainties
Damages Due to Acid Rain
Lakes and Rivers
North American Forests
European Forests
Visibility
Buildings
Human Health
Policy Options
Allowance Trading
Clean Coal Technologies
Nitrogen Oxides
International Efforts
Acid Rain and Environmental Assessment
13.3. Deforestation
Industrialized Countries
Newly Industrializing Countries
Policy Options
13.4. Endangered Species and NEPA
Important Aspects of the Endangered Species Act
What Is a Listed Species?
What Is Critical Habitat?
Complying with Section 7 of the ESA
Complying with Section 9
NEPA Compliance with the ESA
Which has priority, NEPA or ESA?
Planning the Project or Action
Case Study 1: The Tellico Dam and the Snail Darter
What Is the "Taking" of a Species?
Preparing the Environmental Documentation
Present Areas of Controversy
Case Study 2: The Northern Spotted Owl and Its Critical Habitat
Listed Species and NEPA Documentation
13.5. Biodiversity
What Is the Problem?
Nongovernmental Efforts
International Context
Major Unanswered Questions
Environmental Assessment and Biodiversity
13.6. Cultural Resources
What Are Cultural Resources?
What Is Our Responsibility Under NHPA?
Section106 Responsibilities
Section110 Responsibilities
Native American Cultural Resources Issues
Treaty Rights to Hunting and Fishing
Sacred and Traditional Places
Artifacts
Human Remains and Burial Artifacts
Cultural Resources and NEPA
13.7. Ecorisk
What Is Ecorisk?
Uses of Ecorisk Analyses
Ecorisk Analysis Process
Uncertainty and Risk Analysis
Implementing Risk-Based Decisions
Relationship to Other Environmental Assessment Processes
Summary
13.8. Cumulative Impacts
How Are Cumulative Impacts Determined?
How Will the Analysis Be Examined?
Legal Trends in Cumulative Impact Consideration
13.9. Indirect Impacts
13.10. How Are These Contemporary Issues Different?
13.11. Discussion and Study Questions
Appendix A: National Environmental Policy Act
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as Amended
Purpose
Title I
Congressional declaration of national environmental policy
Title II
Council on environmental quality
The Environmental Quality Improvement Act, as Amended
Appendix B: Attribute Descriptor Package
Air
Diffusion Factor
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Data Sources
Skills Required
Instruments
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Further Reading
Particulate Matter (PM)
Definition of the Attributes
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured*
Data Source
Skills Required
Instruments
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Sulfur Oxides
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Data Source
Skills Required
Instruments
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Hydrocarbons
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Data Sources
Skills Required
Instruments
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Nitrogen Oxides
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Data Sources
Skills Required
Instruments
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Carbon Monoxide
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Data Sources
Skills Required
Instruments
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Photochemical Oxidants
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are to Be Measured
Data Sources
Skills Required
Instruments
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Hazardous Toxicants
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Data Sources
Skills Required
Instruments
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Odors
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Data Sources
Skills Required
Instruments
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Water
Self-Purification of Natural Waters
Surface Water System
Groundwater System
Description of Selected Water Attributes
Aquifer Safe Yield
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Flow Variations
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Oil
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Radioactivity
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Suspended Solids
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Thermal Discharge
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Acid and Alkali
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Secondary Effects
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Mitigation of Impacts
Secondary Effects
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Dissolved Solids
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Nutrients
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Toxic Compounds
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Aquatic Life
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Fecal Coliforms
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Land
Erosion
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Natural Hazards
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Land-Use Patterns
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Ecology
Large Animals (Wild and Domestic)
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variable to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Predatory Birds
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Small Game
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Fish, Shellfish, and Waterfowl
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Field Crops
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Listed Species
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured; How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Natural Land Vegetation
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Aquatic Plants
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Sound
Physiological Effects
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Construction
Work Activities
Military Training
Industrial Plants
Sources of Effects
Military Equipment
Vehicles
Construction Equipment
Machinery
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
General Services Administration
Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Labor
Secondary Effects
Psychological Effects
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Construction
Work Activities
Military Training
Industrial Plants
Sources of Effects
Military Equipment
Vehicles
Construction Equipment
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Communication Effects
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Construction
Work Activities
Military Training
Industrial Plant Activities
Sources of Effects
Vehicles
Construction Equipment
Military Equipment
Machinery
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impacts
Secondary Effects
Performance Effects
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Construction
Work Activities
Military Training
Industrial Plant Activity
Sources of Effects
Weapons
Vehicles
Machinery
Construction Equipment
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Social Behavior Effects
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Construction
Work Activities
Military Training
Industrial Plant
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Human Aspects
Lifestyles
Definitions of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Psychological Needs
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data; How Variables Are Measured
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Other Comments
Physiological Systems
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured; Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Community Needs
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Economics
Regional Economic Stability
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Public Sector Revenue and Expenditures
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Per Capita Consumption
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Resources
Fuel Resources
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Nonfuel Resources
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured
Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Geographical and Temporal Limitations
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Aesthetics
Definition of the Attribute
Activities That Affect the Attribute
Sources of Effects
Variables to Be Measured
How Variables Are Measured; Evaluation and Interpretation of Data
Special Conditions
Mitigation of Impact
Secondary Effects
Appendix C: A Step-by-Step Procedure forPreparing EnvironmentalAssessments and Statements
Step 1. Define the Action
Step 2. Develop Alternatives
Step 3. Identify Relevant Project Activities
Step 4. Examine Attributes Likely to Be Affected
Step 5. Solicit Public Concerns
Step 6. Re-evaluate Identification of Activities and Attributes
Step 7. Evaluate Impacts Using Descriptor Package and Worksheets
Step 8. Summarize Impacts
Step 9. Review Other Alternatives
Step 10. Analyze Findings
Step 11. Prepare Assessment Document
Step 12. Review and Process Document
Appendix D: Regulations for ImplementingProcedural Provisions of theNational Environmental Policy Ac
Part 1500-purpose, policy, and mandate
§ 1500.1 Purpose
§ 1500.2 Policy
§ 1500.3 Mandate
§ 1500.4 Reducing paperwork
§ 1500.5 Reducing delay
§ 1500.6 Agency authority
Part 1501-nepa and agency planning
§ 1501.1 Purpose
§ 1501.2 Apply NEPA early in the process
§ 1501.3 When to prepare an environmental assessment
§ 1501.4 Whether to prepare an environmental impact statement
§ 1501.5 Lead agencies
§ 1501.6 Cooperating agencies
§ 1501.7 Scoping
§ 1501.8 Time limits
Part 1502-environmental impact statement
§ 1502.1 Purpose
§ 1502.2 Implementation
§ 1502.3 Statutory requirements for statements
§ 1502.4 Major Federal actions requiring the preparation of environmental impact statements
§ 1502.5 Timing
§ 1502.6 Interdisciplinary preparation
§ 1502.7 Page limits
§ 1502.8 Writing
§ 1502.9 Draft, final, and supplemental statements
§ 1502.10 Recommended format
§ 1502.11 Cover sheet
§ 1502.12 Summary
§ 1502.13 Purpose and need
§ 1502.14 Alternatives including the proposed action
§ 1502.15 Affected environment
§ 1502.16 Environmental consequences
§ 1502.17 List of preparers
§ 1502.18 Appendix
§ 1502.19 Circulation of the environmental impact statement
§ 1502.20 Tiering
§ 1502.21 Incorporation by reference
§ 1502.22 Incomplete or unavailable information
§ 1502.23 Cost-benefit analysis
§ 1502.24 Methodology and scientific accuracy
§ 1502.25 Environmental review and consultation requirements
Part 1503-commenting
§ 1503.1 Inviting comments
§ 1503.2 Duty to comment
§ 1503.3 Specificity of comments
§ 1503.4 Response to comments
Part 1504-predecision referrals to the council of proposed federal actions determined to be environm
§ 1504.1 Purpose
§ 1504.2 Criteria for referral
§ 1504.3 Procedure for referrals and response
Part 1505-nepa and agency decision making
§ 1505.1 Agency decision-making procedures
§ 1505.2 Record of decision in cases requiring environmental impact statements
§ 1505.3 Implementing the decision
Part 1506-other requirements of nepa
§ 1506.1 Limitations on actions during NEPA process
§ 1506.2 Elimination of duplication with State and local procedures
§ 1506.3 Adoption
§ 1506.4 Combining documents
§ 1506.5 Agency responsibility
§ 1506.6 Public involvement
§ 1506.7 Further guidance
§ 1506.8 Proposals for legislation
§ 1506.9 Filing requirements
§ 1506.10 Timing of agency action
§ 1506.11 Emergencies
§ 1506.12 Effective date
Part 1507-agency compliance
§ 1507.1 Compliance
§ 1507.2 Agency capability to comply
§ 1507.3 Agency procedures
Part 1508-terminology and index
§ 1508.1 Terminology
§ 1508.2 Act
§ 1508.3 Affecting
§ 1508.4 Categorical exclusion
§ 1508.5 Cooperating agency
§ 1508.6 Council
§ 1508.7 Cumulative impact
§ 1508.8 Effects
§ 1508.9 Environmental assessment
§ 1508.10 Environmental document
§ 1508.11 Environmental impact statement
§ 1508.12 Federal agency
§ 1508.13 Finding of no significant impact
§ 1508.14 Human environment
§ 1508.15 Jurisdiction by law
§ 1508.16 Lead agency
§ 1508.17 Legislation
§ 1508.18 Major Federal action
§ 1508.19 Matter
§ 1508.20 Mitigation
§ 1508.21 NEPA process
§ 1508.22 Notice of intent
§ 1508.23 Proposal
§ 1508.24 Referring agency
§ 1508.25 Scope
§ 1508.26 Special expertise
§ 1508.27 Significantly
§ 1508.28 Tiering
References
Index